Marshmallow Test

The Marshmallow Test is an examination that was finished by Walter Mischel in 1972 to test how kids can defer satisfaction and how that may influence them further down the road. The multi year old kids were told they could either eat the first marshmallow in quite a while or pause and get a subsequent marshmallow. They were visited again when they were 20 and the ones who had the option to oppose allurement had less social issues and improved on their SATs. There are three sorts of exploration techniques utilized in this investigation. One is experimentation. Experimentation is when specialists control certain factors to perceive how they influence different factors. There are two sorts of factors, free and ward. The autonomous variable is the variable that may cause an impact. The needy variable is the variable that shows the result of the test by demonstrating the impacts of the free factor. In this investigation the free factor is the marshmallow, or the capacity to defer delight. The needy variable is having the option to postpone delight as a kid makes one more averse to have social issues, and furthermore improve in school. The second kind of strategy utilized in this investigation is relationship. Connection shows how two things identify with one another. In this investigation, they are the two factors, which are the capacity to postpone gratitication as a youngster and how well somebody does as a youthful grown-up. These two factors correspond by indicating that a kid who can not eat the marshmallow shortly is bound to not have social issues sometime down the road and to improve on their SATs. The third technique utilized in this examination is perception. Perception examines practices as they occur, with no mediation. This examination shows that on the grounds that the individual who runs the investigation watches the youngsters in the wake of revealing to them the guidelines and doesn't intercede with how they responded to the marshmallow, regardless of whether that be eating it, playing with it, smelling it, etcetera. They didn't meddle with the result of the investigation. All in all, this examination shows that kids who can postpone delight are bound to have the option to be all the more socially capable and get higher grades.

Persuasive Paper Essay

Bathroom tissue is a material thing that a great many people use. This paper bigly affects our general public. Relatively few individuals focus on how they put their paper on they simply kind of toss everything together surprisingly fast. One day I saw that my paper was more enthusiastically to get than typical, at that point I saw that the start of the paper was swinging from the rear of the move as opposed to laying on it or hanging over the front. This alarmed me, I didn't understand up to that point that you can put your bathroom tissue either the front or the back. I said to myself â€Å"This can not be, my paper is all off-base it ought not be like this! (I made gestures).† So I have come to conclude that having your tissue is better in the front of the move contrasted with the back. At the point when a great many people go to plunk down on their can they anticipate that their paper should be there. Well consider the possibility that your paper was there and a decent full sum was available however when you go to go after it, it appears to be somewhat farther away, well this is on the grounds that your paper may have been put wrong. Gives consider this access a moderate way. In the event that you have a little kid, at that point you will realize what I mean, Little children like to play with bathroom tissue, some even prefer to eat it! Well on the off chance that you have your paper in the front it will make it harder for the youngster to pull a greater amount of the move from its unique state, instead of in the event that you had your paper in the back, the child could pull it so hard, huge amounts of it will move in view of the descending movement, and this may make the pull be to incredible and may tear the tissue, Then you would not have the option to roll the paper back to its unique moving position. Having the paper in the front is likewise extremely advantageous for simpler bathroom tissue rolling. In the event that the paper was in the back, you need to reach under or around the move to get your paper, and afterward pull it in a descending movement, If you pull it straight towards you, it is at risk to break! I have made an inquiry or two to discover on the off chance that anybody prefers there paper in the back position, I discovered a few people do! I asked those individuals for what valid reason on earth they could like the paper in the back. They stated: † Because in the event that you pull it from the back, you can have a quicker speed of moving paper† I answered, â€Å"But a great deal ofâ the time the paper breaks and afterward you have bits and pieces† he stated, † Bits and pieces are not in every case awful. You can simply add them to your bunch of bathroom tissue that you’re going to use.† I just shook my head pleasantly and contemplated internally of a well-known adage an elderly person said to me once: † It’s quality not quantity.† Taking everything into account, I have chosen subsequent to hearing the two sides that having you paper in front is for sure better than in the back. So whenever you are putting your move of tissue on, you simply recollect that on the off chance that you have a child, consider your bathroom tissue position. Consider your arm and hand vitality when you go to get a couple of sheets. Consider the nature of your bunch and not the amount!

Case Study 10.1 - Project Scheduling at Blanque Cheque Construction - 1

10.1 - Project Scheduling at Blanque Check Construction - Case Study Example A venture administrator may utilize the underneath ways to deal with gauge to what extent an undertaking will last, instead of putting together it with respect to what extent he is forced to make it last. The master assessment utilizes the accord strategy to show up at a gauge. The task chief will connect with the administrations of in any event three specialists who have a comprehension of the sort of venture to be attempted or have overseen comparable undertakings previously (Kerzner 6). After an instructions by the task administrator on the venture prerequisites, the specialists examine it among themselves and each presents their own different assessments as indicated by their comprehension. Every produce an assignment list containing exertion gauges for each errand. The task supervisor at that point hands back a rundown of the assessments to the specialists without uncovering to which one of them each has a place. He requests that the specialists consider the dangers and appraisals of the others’ results and recalculate their work. The specialists at that point talk about the undertaking to decide whether any suppositions or issues have changed after the last conversation. In the wake of considering the consolidated assessments, the specialists update their appraisals and present the outcomes freely once more. In the event that the errors are as yet not down to earth, the venture administrator hands the outcomes back once more, or welcomes more specialists. The point is to have the effect between the most minimal and the most elevated gauges as low as could be expected under the circumstances. The cycle might be rehashed severally until the greater part of the outcomes are in or near understanding. Once in understanding, a normal of the experts’ gauges is utilized as the task span. In any case, instead of investing a lot of energy in the estimation method, the venture supervisor may utilize the aftereffects of a few specialists in the beginning times. For instance, if three specialists decided the gauge as 2000 hours and one evaluated at 4000 hours, he may need to overlook the overestimated span yet with the information that he bears the danger of the term acknowledged really multiplying. Previous history is one of

Hubris vs. Heroism An Analysis of John Proctor’s shortcomings as Miller’s Tragic Hero - Literature Essay Samples

The famous philosopher Aristotle formally defined the parameters of the tragic hero in his work On Poetics (335 B.C.). Aristotle based his tragic hero model on Oedipus, a king from Greek mythology. He defined the tragic hero as a man of noble birth who has a fatal flaw, or hamartia, which leads to his downfall and describes his tragic nature. The character is considered a hero after they rise from their fall and experience a moment of enlightenment and redemption known as an anagnorisis. In Arthur Miller’s tragic play, The Crucible, the protagonist, John Proctor, is considered the tragic hero. Proctor is a very secular man in Puritan Salem, yet is still highly respected among the people. His obsession with maintaining his reputable name is one of the manifestations of his fatal flaw, his hubris. John Proctor’s hubris is responsible for both his tragic downfall and his redemption, which detracts from Miller’s characterization of him as the tragic hero because he f ails to experience an anagnorisis. Proctor’s affair exemplifies his egotistical tendency to put himself above the rules he expects others to follow, which prompts him to make the decisions that lead to his fall. The catalyst of his downfall, Proctor claims to be remorseful about his affair with his former house servant Abigail Williams. However, his attitude still indicates that he feels superior to the law. When Elizabeth questions John about speaking to Abigail in a room alone, John says, â€Å"I should have roared you down when you first told me your suspicion. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed!† (Miller 55). To Proctor, confession is a sign of weakness and inferiority, which is one reason for his refusal to conform to the religion, as well as to the rituals of consensus later in the play. He is unable to confess and accept the consequences of his affair. He sees himself as above the vows of a marriage; even after the affair, he thinks it is okay to speak privately with Abiga il when he knows it strains the already broken trust between him and his wife. He holds Elizabeth responsible for faithfulness that he himself cannot deliver, which is confirmed when he forgets adultery in the Ten Commandments and tells Hale, â€Å"Between the two of us we do know them all† (Miller 67). Proctor’s crisis is exacerbated when Elizabeth is targeted by Abigail in court. Proctor knows based on his private conversation with Abigail that the witchcraft accusations are fraud, and that testifying against her could save his wife and other townspeople from public hangings. However, he also knows that this will involve public confession of the affair, which would deeply tarnish his reputation. He thinks himself above the law when he refuses to tell the court what he knows, and thinks that his reputation is superior to the lives that are lost each day on the gibbet. Only when people highly regarded in the town like Rebecca Nurse are accused does Proctor speak up, be cause Proctor considers them equal to himself. However, when Elizabeth is called in to confirm that she fired Abigail for her affair with John, Elizabeth, a faultlessly honest character, lies because she knows how much Proctor values his reputable name in Salem. John thinks he is superior, and thus able to confess whenever it is convenient for him and reap the benefits. But at this point in the tyranny of consensus, it is too late for him to turn it around by his testifimony. He is thrown into the Salem jail to confess or hang in time, which signifies the beginning of his downfall. Proctor’s decisions are driven by his hypocritical and superior attitude, which leads him to the selfish decisions that catalyze his fall. When he tears the confession, Proctor experiences redemption, however, it is a faulty redemption because he acts with an attitude of superiority to protect his reputation, which led to his initial downfall. After his conversation with Elizabeth in the jail, Proctor decides he will confess in order to save his life. After he snatches his signed confession away from Danforth in a frantic moment, Proctor says, â€Å"You will not use me! I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor! You will not use me!† (Miller 143). Proctor has lived in the midst of the tyrannical consensus long enough to know that a signed confession is part of the process. He accepts this for the lower-class, but in his proud mind he is superior to them and thus does not follow the same rules. Although Proctor claims that he takes back the confession to set a better example for his children, as confessing would be selling the Nurses and other to death, his later line denounces that as a possible intention. Proctors begs Danforth, â€Å"Tell them I confessed myself; say Proctor broke his knees and wept like a woman; say what you will, but my name cannot-† (Miller 143). Proctor has no moral issue with confessing and the negative effect that the continuation of the tyranny of consensus will have on the people in the town, as he begs Danforth to tell anyone that he confessed. He is not opposed to conformation with the crooked rituals of consensus, he is only opposed to the physical confession, signed with his weighty name, hanging on the the door of the most important building in Salem. This supposed redemption is rooted in his feelings of superiority to others who have hung, and his desire to salvage his reputation in the town, which is ironically what put him at need for a redemption in the first place. The irony of Proctor’s hubris leading to both his downfall and his redemption detracts from Miller’s characterization of him as the tragic hero because he fails to experience the anagnorisis which deems a character heroic even after his tragic deterioration. After Proctor tears up the confession to appease his pride, he tells Danforth, Parris, and Hale, â€Å"You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor† (Miller 144). When he claims that his morality has shifted from evil to good, Proctor deceives himself. Despite the environment of constant change, Proctor remains morally stagnant in that he is never able to overcome his pride and supremacy. In order to experience the tragic epiphany, Proctor would have to take personal responsibility for his fatal flaw and impending downfall, which is against his prideful nature. Instead, he tricks himself into thinking he is doing good by disguising the egotistical tearing of th e confession as a personal redemption his self-serving nature, and aligning himself with the righteous people for the wrong reasons. While this quote may appear to be an epiphany on the surface, on analysis it proves false, as it is not rooted in an shift of values; Proctor chooses to confess only because he cannot bear to let his name become tarnished in Salem whereas a true redemption would look more like Rebecca Nurse’s altruistic resistance. Miller states in his essay Tragedy and the Common Man (1949) that the tragic right is â€Å"a condition in which the human personality is able to flower and realize itself† (Miller 3). Yet, it Miller’s play, Proctor is redeemed by the same means that he fell, which shows ignorance rather than self-realization. Although this was not necessarily Miller’s intent, Proctor’s disingenuous redemption eliminates the possibility of him being a tragic hero. Anagnorisis is the most crucial aspect of Aristotle’s criteria because it transforms the character from being just tragic to being heroic. Proctor’s supposed epiphany and consequent redemption were not an enlightening anagnorisis, but instead a manipulative manifestation of his hubris, which makes him an invalid tragic hero. Proctor is not a true tragic hero in Miller’s play because he never recognizes his egotistical concerns and self-superiority as fatal flaws that lead to his fate in the Witch Trials. Proctor is doomed by the same means that he is redeemed. His superiority is a product of his hubris, which causes him to have his affair with Abigail, initially refuse to testify, and then rip up his confession after signing it. He is so rooted in the preservation of his name in Salem that after his downfall, he cannot experience true anagnorisis, but deceives himself by disguising his self-serving resistance as a shift in awareness and morality. While no character can comply perfectly to philosophical parameters, the anagnorisis is too important for the tragic hero to stand without it. It is the difference between a character who is heroic, and a character who is simply flawed and meets a hard end. Society likes to read about a tragic hero, because although the trajectory by which the tragic hero can fall scares us, there is encouragement to be drawn when a character so deeply flawed is able to find redemption. Even today, the American people look to tragic hero figures in the media, because by experiencing someone else’s hamartia and consequent downfall, we do not become doomed in the same way.

The Religion Of Islam And The United Of Middle Spain

â€Å"Fighting has been enjoined upon you while it is hateful to you. But perhaps you hate a thing and it is good for you; and perhaps you love a thing and it is bad for you. And Allah Knows, while you know not.† Quran 2: 216 The religion of Islam has long been associated with conflict and conquest, as have the other two Abrahamic faiths. However, what marks Islam out is the rapid nature of its expansion and the fact that within around 175 years, its influence had been asserted from the plains of Syria and Palestine, right the way throughout the Maghreb as far as the cities of middle Spain. If we are to consider â€Å"early Islam† as the first 200 years or so of its existence, we see there is a clear transition from defensive military action on behalf of the Muslim followers to an extremely outward and expansionary set of conflicts, occurring over a wide ranging geographical area. But what really forms the debate here? Ideology fiercely adhered to by Muhummad’s adherents such as the concept of Jihad and the duty to propagate Islam can only have fostered a desire to conquer foreign territories and widen Islamic influence. That said, Islam came under constant attack from the start and thus the constant need to defend itself may well have bred military tradition, something following generations were all too keen to sustain. The schism that occurred upon Muhummad’s death in 632 prompts further military activity between the resulting Caliphates that formed as a result. In constantShow MoreRelatedReligion During The Middle Ages1391 Words   |  6 PagesReligion experienced a lot of progress and transformation throughout the Middle Ages. Christianity held consistent popularity and other religions such as Islam were on the rise in participation. After the fall of Rome, there was no unified state or government in Europe and the Catholic Church used that opportunity to become a large powerhouse. The Roman Empire had effectively split into three different worlds: Muslim, Byzantine, and western European. Various Kings, Queens, and other leaders lookedRead MoreThe Islamic Religion Of The Arabian Desert1505 Words   |  7 PagesErmus November 18th, 2014 Allah says in the Qur an not to despise one another. So the criterion in Islam is not color or social status. It s who is most righteous. If I go to a mosque - and I m a basketball player with money and prestige - if I go to a mosque and see an imam, I feel inferior. He s better than me. It s about knowledge.(Hakeem Olajuwon) The Islamic religion may also be defined as your average day rollercoaster; You have your climb, your peak, your drop or fall, andRead MoreIslam And The Trans Atlantic Trade1739 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Islam is a religion created in the seventh century by Muhammad a, Arab long distance merchant from Mecca. 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Islamophobia is becoming a global matter, and oneRead MoreSoutheast Asia And The Middle East And North Africa1426 Words   |  6 Pagescolonies are predominantly Christian. In contrast, more than 40% of the population in Southeast Asia practices Islam, making it the most widely practiced religion in the region (Pew Research Center s Religion Public Life Project, 2012). In fact, Southeast Asia contains the highest number of Muslims in the world, surpassing the Middle East and North Africa. The region is heavily influenced by Islam and European imperialism and it’s shown in the region’s architecture and cuisine. Southeast Asia has aRead MoreThe Culture Of Spain And Spain1153 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing is an overview of the culture of Spain. 1. Values and attitudes Family, including extended family is extremely important in Spanish culture and is the basis of society. Families provide a social and sometimes financial support network. 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Cultures and Sub-Cultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind Essay

The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. California University of Pennsylvania CMD 350: Sign Language amp; Braille I September 27, 2011 The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture). Much is the same when describing the social cultures of the deaf-blind communities. They come from different social, vocational and educational backgrounds. They have many jobs and roles: teachers, professors, counselors, homemakers, agency directors,†¦show more content†¦Such devices include Teletypewriters (TTY), which can relay typed text to and/or from one impaired person to another, Voice Carry Over (VCO), which allows a person who is hard of hearing or deaf to use one’s voice to receive responses from a person who is hearing via the operator’s typed text. There are also more self-explanatory modes of technology such as video conferencing and captioned telephones available to assist in communicating. Aside from communication and language, there are also such things as beliefs and customs that have lent towards the deaf and deaf-blind cultures. A positive attitude toward being deaf is typical in Deaf cultural groups. Deafness is not generally considered a condition that needs to be fixed. Culturally Deaf people value the use of natural sign languages that exhibit their own grammatical conventions, such as American Sign Language and British Sign Language, over signed versions of English or other spoken languages. Deaf culture in the United States tends to be collectivist rather than individualist; culturally Deaf people value the group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture#Values_and_beliefs). Culturally Deaf people have rules of etiquette for such things as, getting attention, walking through signed conversations, and otherwise politely negotiating a signing environment. It is also commonplace for them to arrive early for certain events, to ensure an optimumShow MoreRela tedFlashing Lights, Hugs From Strangers, Pounding Of Tables,1589 Words   |  7 Pageslights, hugs from strangers, pounding of tables, and more await those coming into the Deaf Cultural world. After all, how does one communicate with another who cannot hear? 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The deaf, the blind, international, and many more groups of people are all able to somewhat comprehend what someone is trying to say through nonverbal communication. Emotion is one of the most important methods of nonverbal communication. Through emotion, oneRead MoreSummary Of Nothing Happened 964 Words   |  4 Pagesaround you and get panic. You need learn to be blind and deaf to that, and just playing Mahjong and watching Hong Kong videotape would help you through† (Chen: 83-84). The experience of Dezhi is repetitive and his mind is void on this thread: â€Å"I am a monk mentally, but I am a hedonist physically† (Chen: 73). The juxtaposition of nihilism and hedonism on the protagonist, in my view, is a representation of the â€Å"decadence† feature of Hong Kong culture, which is developed by Ackbar Abbas. It is a resultRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1732 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.†(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia , Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. Many victims are unaware of the conditions to which they are being recruited for nor do they understand the consequences of human traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1604 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.†(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. 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In today society it is normal for to walk down the road and notice an individual in a wheelchair, or an individual who is blind or deaf. In the mid 1900s the families of disabled individuals would not encourage them to socialise or go out in public which may have shaped the views that Friedson writes about. When Freidson states possession of physical deviance it can relate toRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesshaped through careful, thoughtful presentation of information about people with disabilities. It is very important for us all to choose and use the right words, whether we are individuals talking privately or whether it is people like journalists or sub-editors in a position to influence attitudes in society. By making a conscious effort to use words that do not have negative undertones or bias, we can help to break down barriers.General guidelines can be applied. People with disabilities prefer you

The Efficiency of The Port of Tilbury

Question: Describe about the Enhancing the Efficiency Of the Port Of Tilbury Through Sustainable Development? Answer: Background: Sustainability in the maritime industry: Shipping and/or maritime industries and transport services have a very fundamental role in the worldwide development of economy: they have been the crucial resources using which Europe had been able to compete in the global market. At this point of time, as much as 80% of the trade that is conducted worldwide and as much as 40% of all the trade that is conducted in the European market is facilitated by the sea ports: and a huge percentage of the fleet that runs in the world are owned by various companies that have their origins in Europe (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The transportation capacity of modern day ships are enormous: thus the environmental impact of these transportation facility is much lower than other facility used for trade, in terms of carbon emission per piece of product transported. As of now, modern day ships are the most carbon efficient transport system that are being used in the commercial purposes (Figure 1-1). Nevertheless, the rate of carbon emissions of all maritime transport system can still be compared any industry that has significant effect on the national economy of the country, and still is responsible for as much as 3% of the total carbon that is emitted worldwide (Buhaug et al., 2010). The United Nation Climate Change Convention is a forum that targets the efforts that that are being made to reduce the rate of carbon emission that is associated with the major industries of national importance: the very same effort is expected from the maritime industry also. Only if this industry increases its attention towards achieving the objective of zero waste, zero emission in long term basis, the CO2 emissions can be reduced significantly by a combined effect of measures taken in the domains of technology, operations and/ or other measures that depend on the market: thus moving towards a significant improvement in environmental performances by the implementation of sustainable development. Figure 1.1: Carbon emission of transportation system in million tons. Source: Buhaug et. all, 2010 Maritime industry and climate change: The steady rise in the prices of oil and the generalized changes in the market of energy production play a crucial role in the sustainability of the maritime industry. However, the most recent trend in the commercial shipping and/ or maritime industry is the attention that is being given on the environmental performances of the shipping companies and the associated industries: the roles they play towards the protection of environment is being scrutinized strictly, as the particulars of the consequences of climatic change are the top rated agenda of the UN (Cruise and Maritime Voyages, 2015). This is because the combustion of fuel is one of the fundamental operational activities involved in this industry and the investments in this sector is expected to steadily increase with the implementation of policies that address the reduction of carbon emission in the global level: such policies being aimed at the reduction in the total amount of carbon emission that is contributed by the shipp ing industry across the world. According to the International Council on Clear Transportation, ocean shipping particularly dominates the domain of international commercial cargo transportation. The very same sources claim that cargo ships are globally considered as the source of most polluting combustion, the pollution being calculated for each metric ton of fuel that is consumed (Hildreth and Torbitt, 2010) The emission made by marine engines is however far higher and much more polluting than the various other conventional sources of pollution: this is because the fuel combusted in such engines is not only of poor quality, but also because as of now, the maritime industry lacks the implementation of strict environmental pollution control policies. The commercial shipping and maritime industry has significant contribution to the global emission of various green house gases like that of sulphur oxides or (SOx), nitrogen oxides or (NOx), hydrocarbons (HyC), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), (Hildreth and Torbitt, 2010). The International Maritime Organization or the IMO is the most influential legislative authority of this industry: in an attempt to reduce the environmental effect of this industry, this particular organization is working towards the implementation of those policies that would be able to some of the very basic issues that are fundamental to this domain. The policies being implemented can be considered as the adaption of various measures that are essentially market based, and mandates the incorporation of different technical initiatives, like that of design matrices used for measuring the energy efficiency of the systems. However, the decision making process that is conducted by the International Maritime Organization or the IMO takes huge amount of time: especially the entire process of taking decision about some issue to process implementing it physically might take up to several years (Hildreth and Torbitt, 2010). Thus, some of the companies are voluntarily taking initiatives that would be able to increase their energy efficiency and decrease the rate of fuel consumption (Londoncontainerterminal, 2015). 1.3 The port of Tilbury: This proposed research aims at introducing various sustainable developmental strategies that would increase the efficiency of the port of Tilbury. The port of Tilbury is a part of the Forth Ports: a commercial organization that runs 6 other ports located at Grangemouth in Scotland, Burntisland located in Fife, Methil in Fife, Rosyth near Edinburgh, Leith near Edinburgh and Dundee in Scotland. Figure 1.2: Forth Ports The port provides services in paper pulp and forest products and also a wide range of general and bulk cargoes.The port is situated at Tilbury in the Essex County of the United Kingdom, on the Thames River (investessex.co.uk, 2015). The Tilbury port considered as the primary port of the country: it is the principle port that the country uses to import paper. However, the port also has the facilities that can be used to import cars (Ltd., 2015). The location of the port makes it much more potential to cause pollution: the carbon emission of this port not only pollutes the environment of the county, but also affects the bio diversity of the entire river. Thus the introduction of sustainable development plans is necessary in this case, so that the port can operate in a much more efficient way (Forthports.co.uk, 2015). Figure 1.3: Port of Tilbury The Port of Tilbury is around 125 years old, and is still considered as the primary port of London. It is has also been awarded as the Green port of UK, due to the steps that it has taken towards the reduction of carbon emission. The port uses wind turbines for the production of electricity, has invested in various other renewable energy sources including biomass and has incorporated various routing techniques using which the maritime vehicles can reach the port with as less carbon emission as possible. All these implementation had started from 2008, keeping in mind that the port was to take a huge role in the 2012 Olympics held at London: before that period, the port of Tilbury used to contribute to as much as 14 percent of the total carbon emission of London. However, recent researches indicate that the implementation of the new technologies aimed at harnessing the power of renewable sources of energy has been fruitful; the carbon emission rates have reduced by a margin of 10 perce nt. Problem statement: The carbon emissions generated by the ocean shipping transport sector has proved to be a very important and crucial source of the carbon emission s generated worldwide that is continuously polluting the environment. The various sources of carbon emission that exist on the land are being controlled by various policies, thus increasing the importance of the reduction of carbon emission by ocean based industries, namely the ports and the shipping vehicles. Increasing the cost of energy sources is one strategy that is being taken, besides the implementation of various upcoming regulations that would regulate the sector of maritime industry, in order to focus on the improvement of energy efficiency, such that the carbon emission rates could be reduced. The reductions of carbon emission rates will ultimately have a significant effect on the changes in climate changes. Various regulatory bodies encourage the policies and / or practices of Green shipping: such regulatory bodies have defined rules and regulations on the shipping corporations that are now forcing them to conduct business and/ or business collaborations by the integration of responsible environmental and/or social practices into the management of transportation (Lai, Wong and Lun, 2011). The port of Tilbury is considered as the green port of London, as they have put much effort in the reduction of carbon emission. The port of Tilbury has officially announced that they will be voluntarily taking part in the mission adapted by the government of UK to reduce carbon emission rates by 2050 by a significant quantity, hence the requirement for further investigation in the domain of sustainable development. Purpose of the Study: As the ports have a unique position as the key centers of supply chains, thus they have the ability to influence the sustainable operations of the supply chains: this unique feature provides the sea ports with opportunities and/ or responsibilities so as to contribute significantly to the decrease in the emission of pollutant particles. The fundamental aim of the proposed research is to find out those state of the art environmental policies that could be used to address the situation of changes in climate due to emission of pollutants and that of the quality of air in the adjacent areas for the port of Tilbury. Although the port already has implemented various management strategies for controlling pollution, yet further improvement is possible in terms of reduction in emission of carbon products and / or other green house gasses that have a significant role in the change of climate being perceived in the region. A present, the port of Tilbury has invested in large number of projects that aim at harnessing renewable sources of energy, yet the disposal of the wastes generated due to these projects have become a huge problem for the port. At present, the wastes are being used for the purpose of land-filling in the south eastern parts of the country; but the process itself is creating much environmental pollution (Shipping Emissions in Ports, 2015). In July 2014, the port joined hands with SITA UK, an organization specializing in waste management, in order to set up a recycling hub that will be effective from 2016. This recycling hub will be utilized for the purpose of disposal of the wastes (Resource.co, 2015). However, the government of the United Kingdom has been proposed by various forums to include the shipping and maritime industry in the initiative that is being made towards the reduction of carbon emission of the country by 2050. The port of Tilbury has officially announced that they will be voluntarily taking part in this mission, hence the requirement for further investigation in the domain of sustainable development (McKINNON, 2013). Research Objectives: The proposed research project will emphasize on the process of dealing with the unawareness that exists among the various authorities of the port, with regard to the various opportunities that are already available for the sustainable development of the port of Tilbury. The aim of the project will be to investigate the answer to the following research question: Which state of the art environmental policies should be implemented at the port of Tilbury to face the challenges of climatic change and increased rate of pollutant emission that is deteriorating the quality of the air? The research question can be subdivided into two parts: the first part aims at identification of the state of the art environmental policies that could be implemented to reduce the rate of pollution on all the ports of the world. The second part will concentrate on the evaluation of those strategies in order to find out those strategies which will be relevant to the port of Tilbury. As the UK government has introduced industrial taxes on the rates of carbon emitted by organizations, the decrease in the rate of pollution emission will also be economical towards the port of Tilbury and the facts and figures derived from the analysis of the project report will be utilized to estimate the economic benefit of the organization as achieved from the incorporation of the recommended solutions (F o r t h P o r t s P L C, 2015). Literature Review: The research process, needless to say, started with the investigation of the various state of the art environmental strategies and / or policies that can be used to address the various climatic changes that are being perceived due to the increased rate pollution emission and the steadily deteriorating quality of air in adjacent to the ports. However, mush before the actual investigation started, a list of those leading ports which are currently facing environmental issues was prepared. The World Port Climate Initiative or the WPCI was found to be that legislative authority which could provide the detailed information required for this process, and the material found on their official website had been the primary source literature that has been consulted in this research (WPCI, 2015). The data collection method used for this research was dependent on the review of available: the collected documents were studied using an analytical approach, as the process of determining which collected data is useful for the research process was the crucial aspect of the literature review phase (Marshall and Rossman 2006). However, using this method, the relevant data that was collected from the various documents available from the World Port Climate Initiative was found to contain the best possible answers to the research question: thus no existing literature was reviewed further (WPCI, 2015). Methodology: Research methodology: As of now, it has been decided that the following framework will be used for conducting the proposed research: Figure 4.1: Research methodology The first part of the research will be conducted based on the data collected from secondary sources: no personal investigations and/ or surveys are to be conducted for collecting data that could be indicative of the strategies that are implemented by the other ports so as to address the challenges of pollution emission. Such a survey, if conducted, would no doubt be helpful to the research: however we are relying on data collected from the secondary sources primarily due to the restrictions of time and budget(WPCI, 2015). The data which has already been collected through the review of various existing literature and/ or the materials being communicated by the World Port Climate Initiative is being analyzed qualitatively. A simple random sampling technique has been used for data sampling. The literatures were chosen such that they have been published within a range of 10 to 15 years, and have been published in English. Research papers that are older than this timeframe or which have been published in some other language have not been considered. In addition to this, the data set was collected keeping in mind that it should contain data from both national and international levels, such that the global scenario can be assed from the data (WPCI, 2015). However, in order to find the results of the second part of the question, direct communications with the Port of Tilbury will be required: thus the research will be based on the data collected from primary sources. The process of evaluation and assessment of the strategies will be followed by the implementation of a pilot project: the aim of the project being reduction in the rates of pollutant emission at the port of Tilbury. The pilot project will run for a period of 1 months, after which the carbon emission rates of the port will be measured. The results generated from the tests will be helpful in providing recommendations to the port authority such that they can indulge in efficient operational behavior. 4.2 Time Scale: The research has been planned to follow the following time schedule: Task Mode Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Auto Scheduled Investigation of the research domain 15 days Mon 16-02-15 Fri 06-03-15 Auto Scheduled Literature review 22 days Mon 16-02-15 Tue 17-03-15 computing devices Auto Scheduled Finalization of research topic 6 days Wed 18-03-15 Wed 25-03-15 2 Auto Scheduled Literature review/data collection 21 days Thu 26-03-15 Thu 23-04-15 3 research guide Auto Scheduled Data analysis 13 days Fri 24-04-15 Tue 12-05-15 3,4 research guide, computing devices, analytical tools Auto Scheduled Finding strategies 15 days Wed 13-05-15 Tue 02-06-15 computing devices, analytical tools Auto Scheduled Evaluation of strategies 15 days Wed 03-06-15 Tue 23-06-15 5 Auto Scheduled Implementation of pilot project 37 days Tue 23-06-15 Wed 12-08-15 Port of Tilbury Auto Scheduled results of the pilot project 7 days Thu 13-08-15 Fri 21-08-15 6 Auto Scheduled Recommendations 3 days Fri 21-08-15 Tue 25-08-15 Figure 4.2: The Gantt Chart of the research project, as implemented in MS Project As of now, we have been able to abide by the designed schedule. At this point of time the project team is conducting analysis of the various strategies that the literature review has indicated is used for the purpose of facing the challenges of pollutant particle emission at the various ports of the world. Conclusion: The primary objective of the research proposal was to present to audience the various details of the problem that is being considered in this research project, along with the representation of the knowledge and/ or tools that have been accessed and/or used during the semester. However, the most important objective of this research proposal was to present to the Port of Tilbury a plan to incorporate significant changes in their operations, such that the port can function with much more efficiency in terms of its responsibilities to the environment. The main focus of this research project is to reduce the emission rates of carbon, green house gases and/ or other pollutant materials that are produced by various functional activities of the port. It is expected that the final outcomes of the project will be successfully implemented in the port of Tilbury, along with the viable and/ or relevant environmental strategies that they have already incorporated in their system. The time schedule prepared for the project has already considered the implementation of a pilot project in the port of Tilbury. The physical implementation of the pilot project will be helpful in determining that how far the mission of pollutant materials can be curbed by the incorporation of the strategies that will be recommended by this research in near future. Based on the results of the pilot project, further improvement of the working model will also be possible. Reference: Buhaug, Corbett, J., Endresen, and Eyring, (2010). Second IMO GHG Study 2010. Cruise and Maritime Voyages, (2015).Home Page - Cruise and Maritime Voyages. [online] Cruise and Maritime Voyages. Available at: https://www.cruiseandmaritime.com/london-tilbury-port-information [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. F o r t h P o r t s P L C, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/advice-papers/inquiry/climate/Forth%20Ports%20Evidence.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. co.uk, A. (2015).Port of Tilbury | London's Major Port | Forth Ports. [online] Forthports.co.uk. Available at: https://forthports.co.uk/tilbury-london/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Hildreth, R. and Torbitt, A. (2010). International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports.The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 25, pp.347376. co.uk, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.investessex.co.uk/studies/place-studies/port-of-tilbury/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Lai,, Wong, and Lun, (2011). Green shipping practices in the shipping industry: Conceptualization, adoption, and implications.Hong Kong: Resources, Conservation and Recycling [Resour. Conserv. Recycling], 55(6), pp.631-638. Londoncontainerterminal, (2015).London Container Terminal. [online] Londoncontainerterminal.com. Available at: https://www.londoncontainerterminal.com/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. , A. (2015).Contact Us | Port of Tilbury London | Forth Ports. [online] Forthports.co.uk. Available at: https://forthports.co.uk/tilbury-london/contacts/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015]. Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen B. Rossman. Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc., 2006. McKINNON,, (2013). Decarbonising The Deep - Sea Container Supply Chain:The Possible Contribution Of Port - Centric Logistics. WCTR, Rio de Janiero, Brazil, [online] 13. Available at: https://www.wctrs.leeds.ac.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/abstracts/rio/general/998.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. co, (2015). Major recycling hub to be built at Tilbury Dock | Resource Magazine. [online] Resource.co. Available at: https://resource.co/business/article/%E2%80%98major%E2%80%99-recycling-hub-be-built-tilbury-dock-3143 [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Shipping Emissions in Ports, (2015). Shipping Emissions in Ports. [online] Available at: https://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201420.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. WPCI Onshore Power Supply: https://ops.wpci.nl (Accessed 08 June 2015). IAPH Tool Box for Greenhouse Gasses., 2010. Environmental Ship Index. 2011. https://esi.wpci.nl/Public/Home (accessed 2015). World Ports Climate Iniative. 2011. https://www.wpci.nl (accessed 2015).

Race in Ancient Egypt

Race describes classification of human into distinct groups by considering factors such as heritable phenotypic characteristics or geographic ancestry. It is influenced by such traits as appearance, culture, ethnicity, and socio-economic status of individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Ancient Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Race in ancient Egypt In the Ancient Egypt, there was minimal consideration in terms of race. Majority of population were black individuals, while the entire world was devoid of racism. Importantly, the dark skin was never seen as a sign of being inferior, this being depicted by the entire artworks from the ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Civilization originated from Western countries, when the European powers colonized Africa in the nineteenth century. This resulted to the introduction of numerous adverse effects within the black community. The black pharaohs sprang fro m African civilization that had flourished on the southern banks of the Nile, and reunified and filled the landscape with glorious monuments. Western scholars began to pay attention to the skin tone of Egyptian individuals, as they viewed the blacks as being primitive and inferior compared to the white explorers. It is believed that all ancient Egyptians, from King Tut to Cleopatra, were black Africans. They ruled Ancient Egypt for thousands of years, after conquering non-black rule and accomplishing numerous tasks. Moreover, the stability of Egypt was always restored by the black leaders from the south. Ancient Egyptians had no racial distinctions between their populations, and they acknowledged and depicted the distinct differences that existed between themselves and the Libyans, Asiatic, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Due to race infiltration in Egypt, majority of the black people were under-educated and denied the facts that spelled out the true history of Ancient Egypt, achievem ents of the black population, and their original works and practices. This was being spearheaded and promoted by the Europeans and Arab invaders. Racism affected the research process and findings, as most of the findings were only attributed to the whites, including their works. Moreover, various artifacts and certain achievements by the blacks were changed to depict the whites as being supreme.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The black population was regarded as having no influence on development of early civilization in Egypt, although they had the greatest influence in majority of the developments that had taken place in the ancient times. Racism was distributed across generations of teachers, students, and the public through misinformation of various known facts that described true black Africans. Ancient Egypt was full of numerous artifacts that existed from the ancient ti mes. These were made and designed by native Africans and later discovered by the white explorers who came as a result of colonization within Ancient Egypt, including the discovery of seven large stone statues of Nubian pharaohs, various portraits of blacks that were changed to depict white supremacists and so on. Majority of the occurrences, artifacts, and discoveries were turned round because of the existing racism to depict the strengths and achievements of the whites at the expense of the black population in ancient Egypt. Conclusion Ancient Egypt faced racism because of the introduction of civilization after the process of colonization in the nineteenth century, when the whites promoted oppression of the black population in terms of education, information, and the general achievements that had been brought by the black Africans. This led to majority of the achievements, works, and artifacts and so on, that were done and accomplished by the blacks being linked and notated to the whites. This essay on Race in Ancient Egypt was written and submitted by user M00nst0ne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Makayla Fails Essays - Racism, Americas, Free Essays, Term Papers

Makayla Fails Essays - Racism, Americas, Free Essays, Term Papers Makayla Fails Dr. Carr Intro to African American Studies February 2, 2017 How Do We Undertake the Study of African Experiences? Abstract: So what does this big question mean? "How do we undertake the study of African Experiences?" What we basically have here is a simple question asking, "Where do we start when learning about African experiences?" Where we start is one of the most important factors of this subject. Dr. John Henrik Clarke once said, "If you start your history with slavery, everything since then looks like progress (Lecture)," and that is exactly what I believe most of us in this world have done. We all think that just because we aren't considered "slaves" anymore, and that we are now "free", this means that our lives and the condition of our lives have gotten better, but that is not completely the case. I think visually, the world may have gotten slightly better, but that is about it. By this I mean that we do not always visually see how blacks are treated. The thoughts that go through the minds of white people could very well be the same as they were back in the 1700s, and some of them still openly expr ess these thoughts. The only difference now is, there are laws and regulations that "all" Americans are "supposed" to follow, which does not allow for every one of their thoughts to be made publicly acceptable. So now we ask again, "Where do we start?" We need not to start before slavery, but right when slavery started. We need to look at all that was experienced at that time in order to really understand the entire process that Africans went through. We need to understand what really happened. Critical Review of Scholarship: We have reviewed a number or readings for this first framing question, one of them being, Something Torn and New by Ngugi Wa Thiong'o. This book talks about how the main goal of Europeans was to overpower the African culture by imprinting their culture and ways of living into the souls of the Africans. When discussing this book in class, we basically came up with the conclusion that the Europeans took everything away from the Africans. So not only did they take their freedom, they took their languages, their memories, and their culture. So when I say the Europeans wanted to "overpower" the African culture, they wanted to completely wipe it out as if it never existed. This book helps you to realize how much the Africans value their language, memories, culture, and their identity as a whole. The next reading that I will be using to answer the first framing question is, What Black Studies is Not: Moving from Crisis to Liberation in Africana Intellectual Work by Greg Carr. Overall, this reading helps to teach us that what most of us think would fall under the category of African American Studies are wrong. It helps eliminate the things in which people believe Africana studies to be, allowing room for new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the topic. These things help individuals to begin to grasp the African experience as a whole, not just the things society wants to showcase which goes along with the "progression" we "seem" to see in America. Lastly, I will be using content mentioned during lecture to help further answer this first framing question. Discussion: Within this discussion, I will be using the six conceptual categories to further help explain my answer to the question, "How do we undertake the study of African Experiences. The first conceptual category is Social Structure, which helps to understand how the citizens were organized. I am not sure if there is a specific name for the social structure that existed during slavery, so I am going to explain how I visualize it the best can. I feel like most social structures can be explained through the separation of a pyramid, therefore I will explain accordingly. I can see the pyramid only being separated with 4 parts. At the bottom of the pyramid, we would have the slaves that worked out in the fields under such harsh conditions. Then on top of them we would have the slaves that were considered to be "the help". Next would be all

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement Research Paper

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement in Chinese Management - Research Paper Example Methodology The research uses a literature review to collect and collate previous researches dealing with the topic and then conducts a critical review and analysis of the literature to develop research propositions. Findings It is found that the Paternalistic Leadership style is underpinned by the Confucian principles and collectivism and that the Paternalistic leaders are able to influence ethical judgment and decision making. Practical Implications It is highlighted that in spite of the numerous advantages associated with the Paternalistic Leadership style there are also several concerns associated with its utility in the modern day globalized and highly competitive business environment. Â  Original Value The current research highlights the gap in the literature regarding comprehensive research that can test the utility of Paternalistic Leadership Style in the context of globalization. 2. Introduction The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese societ y. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism have a profound impact on the way Chinese organizations operate. The current paper aims to explore the cultural underpinnings of the Paternalistic Leadership styles adopted by the Chinese organizations and also to develop possible implications for the same. The research uses an exhaustive literature review where journal articles are researched and an exhaustive collection of previous research and theories on the subject is obtained. The collected articles are reviewed for their relevance to the topic and then collated under themes that are then discussed critically in the following literature review. 2. Literature Review and Propositions Development (1) Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese society. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism can be seen manifested in the culture of China as discussed below. Confucianism Guides Relatio nships in Chinese Culture According to the philosophy of Confucius, each individual has been given a specific role and he or she has to fulfil these duties. The way in which relationships are conducted has been dictated by the Confucian philosophy. For example, according to Wu Lun, there are five relationships that should be carried out in proper manner giving respect to the hierarchy. These relationships are between ruler and subject; father and son; elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife and between friends. In the first four ones, there is a clear hierarchy, where one person has the authority over the others. This means that the superior factor in the relationship have the power to rule over the other factor (Bailey, 2011). Therefore, ruler, father, elder brother and

Diary Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diary Entry - Essay Example It was in the evening that Bader caught up with Rabab once again at the Coffee Bean. Bader obtained the copy of all the video clips so that he could edit them at home. Bader tried his best at editing the video clip of Jeff Jones but he found it a little difficult to curtail since the video clip was rather long and complicated to deal with. Bader found that he ended up being no where and his work came to a standstill. I feel that the whole editing work was tedious and it provided me a close look at the basic aspects of the documentary making exercise. No matter the documentary was not completed successfully, though I tried my best to incorporate the minor as well as major details which I had in the back of my mind from the beginning. But on the whole I feel satisfied with my undertakings since I have learned a lot during this while and tried to give my best shot in the face of adversity. The interviews that I carried out with the intended subjects of this documentary were wholesome since they provided me an opportunity to get up close and one to one with them and thus extract the best possible information and knowledge from them with respect to the subject at hand. Their incisive inputs really paved the way for my documentary undertaking initiatives as well as offered me a chance to examine the weaknesses that I have come to discern within my shooting and later on within the editing exercise. In the end, I would mention the fact that the need for having expatriates within Bahrain is indeed much needed and it would be correct if I suggest adequate arrangements been made for these individuals who will visit Bahrain and facilitate the nation in building its economy and the infrastructural developments would be apparent from the initiatives once undertaken. Since the group members took the interviews, it offered me a chance to shoot the different

Soil Conversations Essay Example for Free

Soil Conversations Essay The aim of soil conservation is the prevention of soil erosion so that the fertile topsoil is retained. There are a lot of methods that can be used to conserve the soil. These are: *Mechanical methods: The main strategy used in mountainous areas is terracing. Terraces built across slopes hold the soil on flatter land. These are mainly needed in tropical lands were rain falls in heavy storms, capable of removing large amounts of soil on slopes. On a smaller scale are embankments placed across the bottom of steep slopes to hold back soil and water. Farmers can help by using contour ploughing (around the slope instead of up and down). Ridges formed by ploughing block the downward movement of water on slopes. Planting trees in lines, either as windbreaks for the farm or as shelter belts between the fields, checks wind speed and protects from erosion. *Changes in farming practices: Erosion rates are lower when the soil is covered, one strategy can be the use of mixed cropping or internal cropping. For example, a field crop like maize can be planted between a bush or tree of coffee. Instead of leaving the soil open to wind, the bushes will afford protection. Crop rotation can also help in the same way if crops of different sizes and periods of growths are planted in neighbouring fields. The main advantage of crop rotation is the maintenance of soil fertility. This is because not all crops use the same nutrients: what one takes out from the soil, another will give back. Maintaining soil fertility is very important; adding organic matter to the soil is the best way to hold water and promote a stable soil structure. The main farm sources are animal manure, crop stubble, and straw. Mixed farming cannot be practiced everywhere, in the Great Plains in the western USA dry farming is used. Because of the low water availability, dry farming involves spacing plants more widely than in wetter areas and leaving the land empty of crops (fallow) every other year. In the dry years of the 1930s the top soil blew away in great clouds. Farmers were obliged to change their techniques during fallow years. Now field surfaces are left rough, and the soil is covered with a layer of waste and straw to protect it from the action of both sun and wind. *Community solutions: Some strategies are funded by governments, for example tree planting on slopes in and next to farming areas, in order to replace trees already cleared. Planting schemes without the community support are not always successful; the participation of the community increases the chances of success. For example in Nepal local people are allowed to harvest grass that is taken to the village to fed animals, animal dung is used to fertilize the land. When government instructs and supports this kind of projects, schemes like this can form part of an integrated rural development program. Soil conservation is integrated with agricultural change to increase food output and improve rural standards of living. A major issue in many rural communities in developing countries is land ownership. A majority of farmer don’t own their lands but pay rent to landlords, making the introduction of new conservation strategies impossible. What is need is a land reform that change this, but liitle progress has been made because powerful landowners have too much too lose.

The Black Cat and The Tell-Tale Heart :: essays research papers

'The Black Cat'; and 'The Tell-Tale Heart' Poe was a literary master with the emotions of his readers. He could make a reader feel anything he wanted to with just a few sentences. Through the stories 'The Black Cat'; and 'The Tell-Tale Heart';, he takes the reader through the emotions of his characters using writing methods that draw the reader in. His use of sentence structure and writing style allows the reader to become intimate with the character. Poe knew how the get a reader deep into the story; he could make them believe as thought they went through the deeds with the character. It is how Poe accomplishes this feat that is very interesting topic. Poe makes his characters more human than human. This allows many readers to become interested simply because they can identify with how the characters feel. Poe uses very basic human emotions like fear, hatred, anxiety and guilt to draw in audience's interests. The main character in The Tell-Tale Heart had an unnatural hatred for a physical characteristic on a friend. He 'thinks it was his eye! yes, it was [that]! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture, a pale blue eye, with a film over it';, his blood ran cold whenever it fell upon him (106). This is something many people can identify with as many have experienced a hatred for a physical characteristic on someone they know. Just as the character did not understand the hatred but just saw this body part, far out of the control of the old man, as something to be vanquished. The simple emotions of fear and hatred put forth to the reader come through clearly Poe's writing technique. In the Black Cat, Poe's mechanism for the reader becoming intimate with the protagonist is the use of an alcohol driven rage. Many readers now and in Poe's

Analysis of Challenges in International Management Essay

Analysis of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The following essay analysis the challenges in International Management with particular regard to the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international business as it is the must difficult to deal with and being essential for successful results in a wide range of global management tasks nowadays and in the future. Introduction Today successful international management requires more than a lot of frequent flyer miles or seasoned expatriate managers. But what are those exclusive challenges of international management in today’s world? The importance of international management is constantly increasing, as we exist in a world where globalisation is affecting the traditional borders in a broad range of areas. †¢Trade and investment, †¢Economic alliances, †¢The international stage players, and †¢The work environment are changing rapidly, being supported by the increasing sophistication and lower cost of information technology. World trade and investments are growing fast (the volume of world trade among countries has grown at an average rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), linking the economies and creating opportunities and threats. New, strong and forced competitors are coming from developing nations in Asia and the transitioning economies of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the constantly rising level of foreign direct investment also has a globalising effect (Thomas 2002). Moreover, the emergence of the free-trade areas drastically decreased traditional economic boundaries. So do the three largest groups, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, account for nearly half of the world’s trade (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) now has 140 member-nations, aiming to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade. But globalization also affects the work environments within organizations. Changes involve cutbacks, team-based management movements and privatization. For instance, there can be factory closings, as Nokia closing their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, because of cheaper labour. All in all, as one key consequence of globalisation, international managers nowadays have to face a more dynamic, complex, competitive and uncertain environment and need skills (as a global mindset or the ability to work with people from diverse background) not considered necessary for domestic-only managers. The environment of international management can be divided into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for making decisions it is essential to understand the economic strategies of the countries in or with one wants to conduct business with, because level of economic development and quality of life differs extremely worldwide. Furthermore, there are various national sovereign laws and regulations existing in the world which have to be observed and made allowance for. And in addition, there are several varieties of political systems (e. g. , theocratic totalitarianism in Saudi Arabia), containing different levels of political risks which have to be managed. For instance, decision makers have to able to estimate the degree of risk associated with a government’s involvements in business affairs depending on characteristics of their company. All these factors present impressive challenges multinational management has to face. However, the management challenge of culture and its effects on business practices and organizations is one of the most difficult to deal with. As conducting business with people from other cultures will never be easy you have to understand how culture affects management and organizations. â€Å"Culture† is a concept borrowed from cultural anthropology and there are numerous and subtle different definitions. As each definition has limitations focussing on international management the following description of Geert Hofstede seems very helpful. He defines the culture of any society as comprising shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by members of a particular group, differentiates humans from other groups, is transmitted through the process of learning and adapts to external and internal environments and relationships. The international businessperson needs to be aware of three levels of cultures that may influence multinational operations. These include national culture, business culture, and organisational cultures (Cullen 2002). National culture can be described as the dominant culture within the political borders of a nation-state. But one has to be aware that multiple cultures can exist within political boundaries and they do not necessarily reflect cultural borders. For instance, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Furthermore, even relatively homogenous cultures can have diverse subcultures, including cultural differences which are affecting the international business. Nevertheless, as most business is conducted within the political borders of a state and nations can be defined as political unities, varying in governmental, legal, educational, institutional and labour systems, influencing the way people interact with their environment (Thomas 2002), national culture has the greatest effect on international business being probably the most logic starting point trying to understand the cultural environment. Business culture, reflecting the national culture, influences all aspects of work and organizational life (e. g. , motivating staff, negotiating with business partners, etc. and knowing it’s basic requirements (e. g. , what to wear to business meetings, business etiquette is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with conservative dark business suits, etc. ) is essential for the international manager. Moreover, especially in the last few years, people realized that the â€Å"culture†-concept also holds for individual organizations. So may differences in organizational culture may be one reason why the merger of two otherwise successful companies failed. It is important to evaluate the influence of organizational rules, norms and procedures to understand the causes of behaviour in organizations. With shared behaviours, conditional relationship, being socialized into and partly involved in it, etc. organizational culture differs in construction and elements of national culture. Even so understanding these cultural factors is fundamental for international managers conducting international business, they have to be aware that â€Å"cultures† can just offer wide guidelines for behaviour, as for instance organizational cultures differ within any national context and individuals vary in each culture level. One cannot predict exactly how each person acts, feels, thinks, etc. Nonetheless, broad generalization about a culture provides a level of analysis from which to begin to understand the cultural environment and the complexities of cultural differences, because management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in a global economy have to account for them. As international managers have to face various cultural challenges testing their management abilities they must be able to unpack the culture concept. Therefore the basic concepts of cultural dimensions can help them understand how two or more cultures might be different. An essential implication of these frameworks referring to international management and culture is that cultural interpretation and adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of international management practice (Morden 1995). The following sections describe two popular models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, created by dutch scientist Geert Hofstede and based on a research over 11600 people in 50 countries (starting with 39 IBM subsiadiaries worldwide), tries to evaluate how basic values underlay organizational behaviour. National differences are investigated by five dimensions of basic cultural values: 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity and 5. Long-term orientation (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first value dimension refers to how cultures deal with inequality and tries to postion the inequality acceptance level by unequal power distribution society members. In countries with a high power distance acceptance (e. g. , such as Mexico), people respect and hardly ever bypass formal hierarchy positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The second value dimension concerns about the degree humans in a society are threatened by uncertain situations. The social system of a higher uncertainty avoidance society is dominated by regulations and rules, predictabilties and orders and people tend to be suspicious of change, whereas people from lower levels of uncertainty avoidance societies (for instance, countries such as Denmark). tend to be less formal, take higher business risks and plan and structure less 3. Individualism refers to the affinity to primarily take care of oneself and one’s direct family, and then to the rest of society (with the U. S. being a good example) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth dimension of â€Å"masculinity† concerns about the ranking of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a society, such as less concerning for others, materialism and assertiveness, whereas â€Å"feminity† on the other side emphasises the quality of life and relationships. 5. Long-term orientation cultures are insistent and saving (e. g. the culture of China) and short-term orientation is more self-centered, money-oriented and more social. All these factors are inter-reliant and interactive in their effects. So shows the Anglo-Dutch example Unilever the practicability of multinational enterprises where the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism values are similar; and where the masculine achievement orientation of the British complements the people orientation of the Dutch (Morden 1995). All in all, so there is a lot of criticism (for instance, the time-dependence of the results, the non-exhaustive investigation of only one multinational US company, etc. to these findings and the model of Hofstede, it is still a very valuable and useful â€Å"gift† for understanding culture and culture-based behavior. Trompenaars’ Culture Model The model created by Fons Trompenaars its also based on the researched of value dimensions. He studied the behavoiur of 15000 managers, representing 47 national cultures (Hampden-Turner 2008). Five of the seven dimensions of his model deal with the challenges of h ow people relate to each other: 1. Universalism versus particularism 2. Neutral versus affective 3. Specific versus diffuse . Achievement versus ascription 5. Time as sequence versus synchronisation The two final dimensions deal with how a culture manages time and how it deals with nature. They include: 6. The society-orientation to the past, present, or future and 7. â€Å"Control of† versus â€Å"accommodation with† nature 1. The value of univerlism refers to the application to systems and rules objectively, without taking consideration to personal circumstances, whereas the particularism culture (e. g. in countries as Spain) is more subjective and focusses more on relationships. 2. The second, the neutral-versus-affective, value dimension refers on the emotional orientation of relationships (such as expressing your feelings and emotions more like, for example, the Portugese). 3. In Addition the specific-versus-diffus dimension investigates if people from a special culture tend to be more or less specific or diffuse in their relationships (for example, Germans try to separate work and personal issues). 4. In the achievement-versus-ascription dimension, it is asked: †What is the source of power and status in society? † (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008) So is for instance, in an achievement refering culture, the â€Å"status† of a person mainly based on it’s individual achievement (such as job performance, etc. ). 5. â€Å"Time as sequence† orientated cultures separate events in time (â€Å"step-by-step†), whereas â€Å"time as synchronisation†-orientated indiviuals manage events in parallel. (For example, if their business partners are not sharp on time, Germans, coming from a â€Å"time-as-sequence† orientated culture, may consider it an insultation). 6. This value dimension is about past versus future orientations. 7. Moreover, this dimension refers to the extent to which individuals feel that they themselves are the primary influence on their lives. Using this framework trying to understand some culture-basics some interesting patterns may emerge. Altough, being recognised for their validity (the results of these both major studies have some significant parallels, even so they were carried out in different times using different methods and examples), these concepts of cultural value orientation proposed by Hofstede and Tropmenaar can only give a basic framework for the analysis of cultural differences. They are utensils to help understand a culture and adjusting business practices to diverse cultural environments. They are for instance, a prerequisite to the successful new-market country entry, whether by setting up licensing or new subsidiaries, joint ventures, mergers or for the establishment of efficient programmes of international HR development (Kay 1993). But international managers have to realise that the understanding of another culture is a inexhaustible learning process. They will have to practice for their international work with or in other countries by studiying all that they can about the country, including more than just the business etiquette. Understanding the national culture builds just the foundation. As you seldom can get behind the front stage of culture without speaking the national language onother basic instrument is learning the language. But the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international management takes such much more than this. International managers have to broaden their understanding of cultural differences and to learn to seek advantage in differences. Understanding the culture is just a basis for the diverse international management tasks, as appropriate cross-cultural communication (using appropiate communication styles), effective and positive motivating and leadership in international organisations and across cultures, successful negotiation with international business partners and making ethically and socially responsible decisions. Conclusion The environment of international management can be divided into economic, legal, political, and cultural factors, with â€Å"culture† being the most challenging and most difficult to deal with, influencing a broad range of management tasks. Providing oneself with the necessary knowlegde and understanding of the national culture of the country or the people one is conducting business with is essential and builds just the foundation for the successful complementation of global management tasks, such as for instance leadership in multinational organisations (where you have to have understanding of all three levels of culture; national, business and organisational culture, being different and influencing each other).

Analysis of Challenges in International Management Essay

Analysis of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The following essay analysis the challenges in International Management with particular regard to the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international business as it is the must difficult to deal with and being essential for successful results in a wide range of global management tasks nowadays and in the future. Introduction Today successful international management requires more than a lot of frequent flyer miles or seasoned expatriate managers. But what are those exclusive challenges of international management in today’s world? The importance of international management is constantly increasing, as we exist in a world where globalisation is affecting the traditional borders in a broad range of areas. †¢Trade and investment, †¢Economic alliances, †¢The international stage players, and †¢The work environment are changing rapidly, being supported by the increasing sophistication and lower cost of information technology. World trade and investments are growing fast (the volume of world trade among countries has grown at an average rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), linking the economies and creating opportunities and threats. New, strong and forced competitors are coming from developing nations in Asia and the transitioning economies of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the constantly rising level of foreign direct investment also has a globalising effect (Thomas 2002). Moreover, the emergence of the free-trade areas drastically decreased traditional economic boundaries. So do the three largest groups, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, account for nearly half of the world’s trade (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) now has 140 member-nations, aiming to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade. But globalization also affects the work environments within organizations. Changes involve cutbacks, team-based management movements and privatization. For instance, there can be factory closings, as Nokia closing their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, because of cheaper labour. All in all, as one key consequence of globalisation, international managers nowadays have to face a more dynamic, complex, competitive and uncertain environment and need skills (as a global mindset or the ability to work with people from diverse background) not considered necessary for domestic-only managers. The environment of international management can be divided into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for making decisions it is essential to understand the economic strategies of the countries in or with one wants to conduct business with, because level of economic development and quality of life differs extremely worldwide. Furthermore, there are various national sovereign laws and regulations existing in the world which have to be observed and made allowance for. And in addition, there are several varieties of political systems (e. g. , theocratic totalitarianism in Saudi Arabia), containing different levels of political risks which have to be managed. For instance, decision makers have to able to estimate the degree of risk associated with a government’s involvements in business affairs depending on characteristics of their company. All these factors present impressive challenges multinational management has to face. However, the management challenge of culture and its effects on business practices and organizations is one of the most difficult to deal with. As conducting business with people from other cultures will never be easy you have to understand how culture affects management and organizations. â€Å"Culture† is a concept borrowed from cultural anthropology and there are numerous and subtle different definitions. As each definition has limitations focussing on international management the following description of Geert Hofstede seems very helpful. He defines the culture of any society as comprising shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by members of a particular group, differentiates humans from other groups, is transmitted through the process of learning and adapts to external and internal environments and relationships. The international businessperson needs to be aware of three levels of cultures that may influence multinational operations. These include national culture, business culture, and organisational cultures (Cullen 2002). National culture can be described as the dominant culture within the political borders of a nation-state. But one has to be aware that multiple cultures can exist within political boundaries and they do not necessarily reflect cultural borders. For instance, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Furthermore, even relatively homogenous cultures can have diverse subcultures, including cultural differences which are affecting the international business. Nevertheless, as most business is conducted within the political borders of a state and nations can be defined as political unities, varying in governmental, legal, educational, institutional and labour systems, influencing the way people interact with their environment (Thomas 2002), national culture has the greatest effect on international business being probably the most logic starting point trying to understand the cultural environment. Business culture, reflecting the national culture, influences all aspects of work and organizational life (e. g. , motivating staff, negotiating with business partners, etc. and knowing it’s basic requirements (e. g. , what to wear to business meetings, business etiquette is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with conservative dark business suits, etc. ) is essential for the international manager. Moreover, especially in the last few years, people realized that the â€Å"culture†-concept also holds for individual organizations. So may differences in organizational culture may be one reason why the merger of two otherwise successful companies failed. It is important to evaluate the influence of organizational rules, norms and procedures to understand the causes of behaviour in organizations. With shared behaviours, conditional relationship, being socialized into and partly involved in it, etc. organizational culture differs in construction and elements of national culture. Even so understanding these cultural factors is fundamental for international managers conducting international business, they have to be aware that â€Å"cultures† can just offer wide guidelines for behaviour, as for instance organizational cultures differ within any national context and individuals vary in each culture level. One cannot predict exactly how each person acts, feels, thinks, etc. Nonetheless, broad generalization about a culture provides a level of analysis from which to begin to understand the cultural environment and the complexities of cultural differences, because management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in a global economy have to account for them. As international managers have to face various cultural challenges testing their management abilities they must be able to unpack the culture concept. Therefore the basic concepts of cultural dimensions can help them understand how two or more cultures might be different. An essential implication of these frameworks referring to international management and culture is that cultural interpretation and adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of international management practice (Morden 1995). The following sections describe two popular models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, created by dutch scientist Geert Hofstede and based on a research over 11600 people in 50 countries (starting with 39 IBM subsiadiaries worldwide), tries to evaluate how basic values underlay organizational behaviour. National differences are investigated by five dimensions of basic cultural values: 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity and 5. Long-term orientation (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first value dimension refers to how cultures deal with inequality and tries to postion the inequality acceptance level by unequal power distribution society members. In countries with a high power distance acceptance (e. g. , such as Mexico), people respect and hardly ever bypass formal hierarchy positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The second value dimension concerns about the degree humans in a society are threatened by uncertain situations. The social system of a higher uncertainty avoidance society is dominated by regulations and rules, predictabilties and orders and people tend to be suspicious of change, whereas people from lower levels of uncertainty avoidance societies (for instance, countries such as Denmark). tend to be less formal, take higher business risks and plan and structure less 3. Individualism refers to the affinity to primarily take care of oneself and one’s direct family, and then to the rest of society (with the U. S. being a good example) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth dimension of â€Å"masculinity† concerns about the ranking of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a society, such as less concerning for others, materialism and assertiveness, whereas â€Å"feminity† on the other side emphasises the quality of life and relationships. 5. Long-term orientation cultures are insistent and saving (e. g. the culture of China) and short-term orientation is more self-centered, money-oriented and more social. All these factors are inter-reliant and interactive in their effects. So shows the Anglo-Dutch example Unilever the practicability of multinational enterprises where the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism values are similar; and where the masculine achievement orientation of the British complements the people orientation of the Dutch (Morden 1995). All in all, so there is a lot of criticism (for instance, the time-dependence of the results, the non-exhaustive investigation of only one multinational US company, etc. to these findings and the model of Hofstede, it is still a very valuable and useful â€Å"gift† for understanding culture and culture-based behavior. Trompenaars’ Culture Model The model created by Fons Trompenaars its also based on the researched of value dimensions. He studied the behavoiur of 15000 managers, representing 47 national cultures (Hampden-Turner 2008). Five of the seven dimensions of his model deal with the challenges of h ow people relate to each other: 1. Universalism versus particularism 2. Neutral versus affective 3. Specific versus diffuse . Achievement versus ascription 5. Time as sequence versus synchronisation The two final dimensions deal with how a culture manages time and how it deals with nature. They include: 6. The society-orientation to the past, present, or future and 7. â€Å"Control of† versus â€Å"accommodation with† nature 1. The value of univerlism refers to the application to systems and rules objectively, without taking consideration to personal circumstances, whereas the particularism culture (e. g. in countries as Spain) is more subjective and focusses more on relationships. 2. The second, the neutral-versus-affective, value dimension refers on the emotional orientation of relationships (such as expressing your feelings and emotions more like, for example, the Portugese). 3. In Addition the specific-versus-diffus dimension investigates if people from a special culture tend to be more or less specific or diffuse in their relationships (for example, Germans try to separate work and personal issues). 4. In the achievement-versus-ascription dimension, it is asked: †What is the source of power and status in society? † (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008) So is for instance, in an achievement refering culture, the â€Å"status† of a person mainly based on it’s individual achievement (such as job performance, etc. ). 5. â€Å"Time as sequence† orientated cultures separate events in time (â€Å"step-by-step†), whereas â€Å"time as synchronisation†-orientated indiviuals manage events in parallel. (For example, if their business partners are not sharp on time, Germans, coming from a â€Å"time-as-sequence† orientated culture, may consider it an insultation). 6. This value dimension is about past versus future orientations. 7. Moreover, this dimension refers to the extent to which individuals feel that they themselves are the primary influence on their lives. Using this framework trying to understand some culture-basics some interesting patterns may emerge. Altough, being recognised for their validity (the results of these both major studies have some significant parallels, even so they were carried out in different times using different methods and examples), these concepts of cultural value orientation proposed by Hofstede and Tropmenaar can only give a basic framework for the analysis of cultural differences. They are utensils to help understand a culture and adjusting business practices to diverse cultural environments. They are for instance, a prerequisite to the successful new-market country entry, whether by setting up licensing or new subsidiaries, joint ventures, mergers or for the establishment of efficient programmes of international HR development (Kay 1993). But international managers have to realise that the understanding of another culture is a inexhaustible learning process. They will have to practice for their international work with or in other countries by studiying all that they can about the country, including more than just the business etiquette. Understanding the national culture builds just the foundation. As you seldom can get behind the front stage of culture without speaking the national language onother basic instrument is learning the language. But the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international management takes such much more than this. International managers have to broaden their understanding of cultural differences and to learn to seek advantage in differences. Understanding the culture is just a basis for the diverse international management tasks, as appropriate cross-cultural communication (using appropiate communication styles), effective and positive motivating and leadership in international organisations and across cultures, successful negotiation with international business partners and making ethically and socially responsible decisions. Conclusion The environment of international management can be divided into economic, legal, political, and cultural factors, with â€Å"culture† being the most challenging and most difficult to deal with, influencing a broad range of management tasks. Providing oneself with the necessary knowlegde and understanding of the national culture of the country or the people one is conducting business with is essential and builds just the foundation for the successful complementation of global management tasks, such as for instance leadership in multinational organisations (where you have to have understanding of all three levels of culture; national, business and organisational culture, being different and influencing each other).